Sunday, June 1, 2014

Diphyllobothrium latum

D. latum egg/CDC

General Information


  • Also known as "Fish Tapeworm" and "Broad Tapeworm"
  • Largest human tapeworm, strobila can reach 30-45 ft in length
Geography

  • Worldwide, particularly in cool lake regions of the Northern hemisphere (North America, Europe and Asia) and South America
Morphology (adults)

  • 30-45 ft in length, 1 cm in width
  • Scolex (head) spatulate with two slit-like grooves (bothria)
  • 3000 proglottids, each with "rosette-shaped" uterus. 
  • Proglottids wider than long

Morphology (eggs)

  • Oval or ellipsoidal, 75 um x 45 um
  • Operculated
  • Undeveloped embryo (coracidium)
  • Small, terminal abopercular knob
Life Cycle

  • Adult in small intestine
  • Immature eggs shed from gravid proglottids, passed in feces
  • Eggs develop in fresh water> develop into coracidium
  • Coracidium emerge from egg, ingested by freshwater crustacean (copepod, Cyclops sp.) First intermediate host
  • Develops into procercoid larva
  • Infected crustacean ingested by small freshwater fish (minnows for example) (second intermediate host)> develops into plerocercoid larva (sparganum)
  • Infected small fish ingested by larger "predatory fish" (perch, trout, etc)> plerocercoid larva released and penetrates muscles of predator fish
  • Humans infected when consuming raw or undercooked infected fish
  • Plerocercoid larva develops to adult in small intestine
  • From beginning of infection> approximately 6 weeks until eggs passed in feces
  • Adult can live for up to 20 years, each adult can shed 1 million eggs/day
Pathology

  • Usually asymptomatic, patient becomes aware when worm segments passed in stool
  • Clinical manifestations may include pernicious anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomited, weight loss
  • Heavy infections can result in intestinal obstruction
Diagnosis

  • Microscopic identification of eggs in stool sample. Examination of characteristic proglottids also useful.
Treatment

  • Praziquantel or nicolsamide
Epidemiology

  • Freshwater transmission dependent on available human/mammal definitive host, suitable intermediate hosts, consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish
  • Pollution of freshwater with infected human feces
Prevention

  • Thorough cooking of freshwater fish, or
  • Freezing fish for 24 hours at -18C (0F), or
  • Irradiation

D. latum gravid proglottids/CDC




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